{"id":30283,"date":"2024-04-18T18:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oceana.org\/?p=30283"},"modified":"2024-04-19T09:05:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T13:05:59","slug":"the-net-consequence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oceana.org\/blog\/the-net-consequence\/","title":{"rendered":"The Net Consequence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Long nets weighted to the seafloor endanger ocean life off Southern California<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For newborn great white sharks, the warm waters swirling the Southern California Bight provide a perfect nursery. Every year, many great whites \u2014 along with dozens of other shark species \u2014 birth their pups off the U.S. state of California\u2019s southern coast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Besides offering a first-class shark nursery, these waters play host to a wide range of ocean life. Home to the Channel Islands \u2014 nicknamed the \u201cGalapagos of North America\u201d \u2014 here you\u2019ll find almost every topography under the sea, from coral gardens, to underwater canyons, to elaborate kelp forests. Colliding currents from the south and north create \u201cthe perfect setting\u201d for a biodiversity hotspot, says Dr. Geoff Shester, Oceana\u2019s California Campaign Director. Young white sharks swim freely, enjoying plenty of food with few predators around.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But these abundant waters also hide one of the greatest threats to juvenile white sharks and the area\u2019s spectacular marine life. Near-invisible fishing nets lie in wait, anchored to the seafloor. And these nets can measure up to 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles) \u2014 the length of 36 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"Great
Great white sharks are powerful swimmers who can migrate long distances. Juvenille white sharks are frequently seen in shallow nearshore waters off Southern California. \u00a9Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Giant
Critically-endangered giant sea bass can grow up to around 250 kilograms (up to 550 pounds) and have been observed in the waters surrounding California’s Channel Islands. \u00a9Shutterstock\/Joe Belanger<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nets don’t discriminate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSet gillnets,\u201d the technical term for these mile-long, stationary nets, do not actually target sharks. The set gillnet fishery aims to catch California halibut and white seabass swimming along the seafloor. But the nets are responsible for more juvenile great white shark deaths in these waters than any other human-related cause. They also catch a wide swath of other ecologically important species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After fishers weight set gillnets to the seafloor, the nets are permitted to \u201csoak\u201d underwater for an unlimited period of time. The nets are often set in the water for between 24-48 hours \u2014 plenty of time for marine animals to get tangled up in a mile of mesh. \u201cEssentially anything within a certain size bracket that swims into [the nets] is going to be caught,\u201d explains Oceana Pacific Marine Scientist Caitlynn Birch. The longer the nets are set, the more animals are likely to die in them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Far from empty, the waters surrounding the Channel Islands are a high-traffic zone for marine life. Thousands of gray whales make their way through on a \u201cmigration super-highway,\u201d says Shester. Abundant sea life has made the Islands a favorite destination of humpback whales coming to feed. And at the bottom of the sea reign the kings and queens of the kelp forest: critically endangered giant sea bass, who can grow up to around 250 kilograms (up to 550 pounds). Set gillnets ensnare<\/a> all of these species and more than 120 others, including sea lions, sharks, rays, and whales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many animals caught will already be dead by the time the nets are pulled out of the water. Two in three will end up thrown overboard as waste. \u201cMany species caught are undesirable or illegal to sell,\u201d says Birch, \u201cor when the nets
are brought up, the fish are too damaged from other predators.\u201d The state of California\u2019s risk assessment found that the set gillnet fishery poses a higher ecological risk than any other state-managed fishery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some might ask: Why are set gillnets allowed at all?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only exception<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"Southern
A map of the Southern California Bight \u2014 the gradually curving coastline between Point Conception in the U.S. state of California and Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico. \u00a9Oceana<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Travel up the southern California coastline and you\u2019ll be looking at areas where set gillnets are illegal to use. In fact, they have been banned for over 100 years in the waters off Northern California. Citizens and lawmakers voted to close off more parts of the California coast to the nets over time, including all waters within three nautical miles of the entire Southern California coast in 1990, plus the Central California coast in 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, scientists have documented the dramatic recovery of harbor porpoise, giant sea bass, and multiple shark species in these areas that were depleted prior to the set gillnet bans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Southern California\u2019s offshore waters are a different story. Set gillnets continue to be used in Southern California federal waters (between three and 200 nautical miles from shore). They\u2019re also used in state waters beyond one nautical mile from the Channel Islands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The set gillnet fishery is not only legal in many parts of Southern California\u2019s waters; it\u2019s also the only fishery allowed to catch several strictly prohibited species. \u201cThis fishery has the odd exemption that allows them to take white sharks,\u201d says Shester, \u201cand sell them dead or alive to a museum, aquarium, researchers, or even as taco meat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A similar exemption applies to the rare giant sea bass. \u201cGiant sea bass were nearly wiped out entirely due to fishing pressure in the early 1900s, and have been prohibited for decades in all other fisheries,\u201d says Shester. \u201cYet set gillnets still catch them and those fishers are allowed to keep them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, Oceana and its allies are campaigning for stronger regulations to reduce the unnecessary waste from set gillnets, while supporting more selective fishing methods, like hook-and-line fishing. From 2007-2022, halibut caught with hook and line sold for approximately 30% more per pound compared to halibut caught with set gillnets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

About 25 set gillnet fishers remain active today. While bycatch estimates reveal the set gillnet fisheries\u2019 outsized impact on marine life, inconsistent tracking by state and federal managers means that the true scale of catch and the discarded bycatch remains a mystery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For campaigners, the key to winning new regulations lies in this missing data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keeping track<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"Seal
A California sea lion suffers from monofilament net wrapped around its neck, the same type of mesh netting used in the California set gillnet fishery. \u00a9 Sierra Club Seal Society<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

If an entangled sea lion or whale can surface with parts of a net around its body off Southern California, the set gillnet fishery isn\u2019t found at fault. Fishers aren\u2019t required to mark their nets. Without this \u201cfingerprint,\u201d it\u2019s difficult to prove where the net came from, even if other factors point to the fishery, says Shester.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the absence of robust data, the status quo remains in place. \u201cWe see the lack of data as a big, big problem, especially given the fishery\u2019s track record,\u201d Birch emphasizes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After years of inaction, change may soon be in store for the set gillnet fishery. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is preparing to roll out a regulatory package in 2024. \u201cRight now we\u2019re focused on campaigning for regulations that could be put in place in the near-term to reduce the impact of the fishery,\u201d explains Shester.
One such regulation would require fishers to mark their gear, allowing scientists to pinpoint the true extent of the entanglement problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Next, Oceana is advocating for reduced maximum soak times, which would require fishers to pull in their nets more frequently \u2014 and improve the likelihood that unwanted animals will survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oceana is also advocating for observers \u2014 third-party scientists \u2014 to be present on the fishing vessels and keep track of the animals that are caught, helping to fill in missing data. Under federal law, all fishers are required to report their interactions with marine mammals. Using data obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, however, Oceana found that just 6% of the total estimated interactions are self-reported. Independent observers are necessary, Oceana\u2019s team concluded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, California does not have the authority to require observers for any of the state\u2019s fisheries.
\u201cHaving a third-party data source is really important for accurate and sustainable fisheries management,\u201d Birch explains. \u201cIf we can help establish a state fishery observer program, this could be one of the biggest wins for California fisheries.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biodiversity and beyond<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The giant kelp forests surrounding the Channel Islands support more than 1,000 species beneath their canopies. The campaign to regulate set gillnets is \u201cnot just a fishery issue,\u201d Shester says. \u201cIt\u2019s about protecting havens for biodiversity.We need to protect them during this time of unprecedented climate change and ocean acidification.\u201d Because set gillnets are \u201cindiscriminate,\u201d the fishery impacts vulnerable species whose population status we don\u2019t yet know, says Shester. \u201cThis is exactly how biodiversity is lost.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Oceana campaigns to regulate this harmful fishing gear, the goal isn\u2019t to shut down fishing, Shester says. \u201cThe Oceana approach is to keep fishers on the water, but using the benefit of science and technology to fish in a way that\u2019s smarter and allows ecosystems to thrive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2024, Oceana will launch an expedition to the Channel Islands, documenting its biodiversity as the campaign continues to bring visibility to this important ecosystem and the threats it faces.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Set gillnets threaten wildlife in Southern California waters. Here’s why.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":538,"featured_media":30287,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"location":[],"expedition":[],"campaign":[359,193],"ppma_author":[352],"class_list":["post-30283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","campaign-california-bycatch","campaign-responsible-fishing","infinite-scroll-item"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Net Consequence | Oceana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oceana.org\/blog\/the-net-consequence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Net Consequence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Set gillnets threaten wildlife in Southern California waters. 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